"Would I have preferred that there had been 15 years of research and safety generation through clinical trials? Are you wary of mRNA vaccines? Dr Robert Malone came under criticism for speaking out - and tweeting - against vaccines when he was reportedly a key player in developing the mRNA technology used in the Covid-19 jabs. Author Scientist Reformed academic Inventor of mRNA Vaccines and DNA vaccines. None have raised major issues about the mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. Dr.. CNN called her work the basis of the Covid-19 vaccine while a New York Times headline said she had helped shield the world from the coronavirus. None of those stories mentioned Malone. Dr Robert Malone the inventor of the mRna vaccines tweeted a video explaining from the data about the harms from the Pfizer vaccine, & the problems with its clinical trials. There were a half-dozen people at Vical who really contributed to this, said one Vical employee. The Food and Drug Administration continues to caution against the use of hydroxychloroquine due to risk of heart rhythm problems, and a large study published in March found that ivermectin does not reduce the risk of Covid hospitalization. Felgner, [Ph.D., professor in residence of physiology & biophysics], now the director of the . He was part of a research group that won a $21 million emergency contract from the Trump administration to study famotidine (brand name, Pepcid AC) as a coronavirus therapeutic. Today, he's one of the most prominent critics of the technology he claims to have helped invent. The initial patent disclosures were written by Dr. Malone in 1988-1989. Now he claims that both the Salk Institute and Vical profited from his work and essentially prevented him from further pursuing his research. When they cannot come at the truth, they come at the truth teller. In spreading these exaggerations and unfounded claims, Dr. Malone joins medical professionals and scientists, like Dr. Joseph Mercola and Dr. Judy Mikovits, whose profiles have grown during the pandemic as they spread misinformation about mask-wearing and convoluted conspiracy theories about virus experts like Dr. Anthony Fauci. Anyone can read what you share. As Karik told Penn Today, science builds on science. Jan 3, 2022. Therefore, public health policies which meet generally accepted criteria for coercion to participate in clinical research are forbidden.". Matthew Winkler, a geneticist and biotech entrepreneur, was also hoping to develop mRNA therapeutics to kill tumors when he started Mirna Therapeutics in 2007. This is the level of censorship on twitter! According to one recent study, the innovation for which he claims to be responsible has already saved hundreds of thousands of lives in the United States alone; theres talk that it may soon lead to a round of Nobel Prizes. January 27, 2022, 11:17 PM. But once the novel coronavirus was discovered and sequenced in Wuhan, China, everything changed, nearly overnight. Translation of rabbit globin mRNA introduced by liposomes into mouse lymphocytes. Malone is known in his field, and his work is often cited by the many, many others who've followed him to work further on mRNA vaccines and therapeutics. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Last summer, Dr. Felgner shared Spains version of the Nobel Prize, the Asturias Award, with six other mRNA vaccine pioneers. I think they are safe.". Further, both the FDA and the CDC monitor the safety of all vaccines all the time, in two key ways. What the mainstream media did instead, he said, was give credit for the mRNA vaccines to the scientists Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman, because there is a concerted campaign to get them the Nobel Prize by Pfizer and BioNTech, where Dr. Kariko is a senior vice president, as well as the University of Pennsylvania, where Dr. Weissman leads a laboratory researching vaccines and infectious diseases. Despite the mainstream media labeling Dr. Malone as an anti-vaxxer conspiracy theorist, he is far from that. However, Malone is but one of a great many scientists who've made today's mRNA vaccines possible. Dr. Robert Malone is a U.S. virologist and immunologist who has dedicated his professional existence to the development of mRNA vaccines. He has dedicated his life to developing vaccines for humanity and remains pro-vaccine. The Malone Institute. Dr. Robert Malone says he helped invent mRNA vaccines and has been wronged for decades. Sign up free You need to do something there's no doubt the right thing was done," Geall said. But in recent months, he and his wife have made numerous stops at popular conservative conferences, like Hereticon, the Peter Thiel-backed conference in Miami for Silicon Valleys self-proclaimed contrarians, and the Defeat the Mandates march in Washington. 1 Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development Rein Verbekea,b, Ine Lentackera,b, Stefaan C. De Smedta,b,1* and Heleen Dewittea,b,c,1 1Last authors contributed equally to this work aGhent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent (Belgium) bCancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185 . . ET on August 23, 2021, Robert Malonea medical doctor and an infectious-disease researcherrecently suggested that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines might actually make COVID-19 infections worse. But who was the brainchild? Staying away from the experimental mRNA gene therapy injections was honestly the easiest decision I've ever had to make in my life. What he did, in a nutshell, was show that messenger RNA a notoriously unstable and hard-to-work-with single-stranded molecule could be injected into mammals by using a lipid nanoparticle (a glob of fat, basically) as its package. It doesnt hurt that he looks the part with his neatly trimmed white beard, or that he has a voice that would be well suited for a meditation app. (Kory is one of the most prominent voices advocating more ivermectin prescriptions.). On June 10, Robert Malone, Ph.D., creator of mRNA vaccine technology, joined evolutionary biologist Bret Brownstein, Ph.D., for a three-hour conversation on the "Dark Horse Podcast" to discuss multiple safety concerns related to Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, both of which use mRNA technology. Read: How mRNA technology could change the world. Speaking as a doctor, he would probably recommend their use only for those at highest risk from COVID-19. Malone mixed the fatty bubbles with messenger RNA, and together, they showed the mixture could spur human cells in a dish to make proteins.. When I called Malone at his 50-acre horse farm in Virginia, he directed me to a 6,000-word essay written by his wife, Jill, that lays out why he believes himself to be the primary discoverer. According to reports, Malone. A 2019 review of the technologys history, begins with the two papers mentioned by Malone[4]. Dr. Malone discovered RNA/DNA transfection and vaccination while a UCSD graduate student working at the Salk Institute in the late 1980s. Updated at 3:00 p.m. Why is he trying so hard to undermine its use? Its just a constant barrage of requests for assistance., Dr. Malone, 62, was sitting barefoot at his kitchen table, wearing a navy tie decorated with dark red spikes of the coronavirus, in the middle of another busy day of appearances on conservative television shows and podcasts. "We were delivering micro RNAs into humans for therapeutic purposes," Winkler said. Dr. Malone did not respond to an email from ABC 10News seeking comment. Dr. Malone spent decades working in academic centers and with start-ups seeking to bring new medical treatments to market and to combat the Zika and Ebola outbreaks. As Robert Malone stood on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial before thousands of anti-vaccine and anti-mandate demonstrators Sunday, the medical doctor and infectious-disease researcher repeated the falsehoods that have garnered him legions of followers. In fact, the current portfolio of partnerships reflects nearly 350 county or school district-based chapters across 32 states nationally. On social media, researchers pointed out earlier work that also managed to deliver and translate mRNA in cells[5]. The process of achieving major scientific advancements tends to be more cumulative and complex than the apple-to-the-head stories we usually tell, but this much can be said for sure: Malone was involved in groundbreaking work related to mRNA vaccines before it was cool or profitable; and he and others who believed in the potential of RNA-based vaccines in the 1980s turned out to be world-savingly correct. Dr. Robert Malone is the inventor of the nine original mRNA vaccine patents, which were originally filed in 1989 (including both the idea of mRNA vaccines and the original proof of principle experiments) and RNA transfection. I wrote all the invention.. They don't stop all infections, and it does seem like the immune protection they offer may fade more quickly than many would've hoped, especially now that new variants are at play. Malone has also become a regular on Fox News, even as he's described the experience as "a little weird.". No matter how nuanced Malone might try to be, or how many qualifiers he appends to his opinions, he is egging on vaccine hesitancy at a time when hospitals in the least-vaccinated parts of the country are struggling to cope with an influx of new COVID-19 patients. Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way, WATCH LIVE: BREAKING NEWS AND CONTINUING COVERAGE, according to a letter signed by nearly 300 medical experts, has been recognized internationally for his contributions to the mRNA vaccines, Dr. Felgner shared Spains version of the Nobel Prize. SAN DIEGO (KGTV) An enigmatic scientists work in San Diego in the late 1980s proved to be an important step in the road to the COVID-19 vaccines. Scientists are still studying the vaccines to improve them. Dr. Robert Malone mRNA Inventor - Kids Will Die from the Vaccines . The vaccines have repeatedly been shown to help prevent symptomatic coronavirus infections and reduce their severity. I think everything hes done in the past year to sow doubt about the technology will be far more consequential in the grand scheme of things than experiments he did to move the science forward 30-plus years ago, said Elie Dolgin, the science writer who profiled Malone and other vaccine trailblazers for Nature magazine. More recently, he authored papers on how to combat Zika and accelerate DNA-vaccine development. Dr Robert Malone has expressed concern over the long term effects of Covid jabs, claiming issues may manifest within a decade. Four researchers who worked with Malone in the 80s and 90s described him as a brilliant scientist whose strong-headedness often put him at odds with academic mentors or supervisors. But recent fact-checks by experts, published by The Poynter. Sep 23 2021 30 mins. The scientist, whose work has focused on mRNA technology and pharmaceuticals, has been an outspoken critic of the Covid vaccines. Dr. Malone is an internationally recognized physician-scientist who specializes in advanced development of medical countermeasures to infectious diseases. (And the hybrid immunity afforded by vaccination and infection may turn out to be the best kind of immunity you can get.). What about all the initial work he did successfully injecting mRNA into mice for the very first time in the late 1980s? Recent articles include The illusion of evidence-based medicine and How does it feel to be vindicated?. Malone and Felgner are listed on several papers and patent filings together. Certainly, today's COVID-19 vaccines can and will be improved. Enjoy this piece? The coronavirus pandemic has given rise to a class of influencers who build conspiracy theories and recruit as many people into them as possible, said Emerson T. Brooking, a resident senior fellow for the Atlantic Council who studies digital platforms. Scientifically trained at UC Davis, UC San Diego, and at the Salk Institute Molecular Biology and Virology laboratories, Dr. Malone received his medical training at Northwestern University (MD) and Harvard University Medical School (Clinical Research Post Graduate) , and in Pathology at UC Davis. Malone's celebrity as a vocal vaccine opponent, already many months in the making, skyrocketed to stratospheric proportions in December thanks to Rogan, the former "Fear Factor" host who's become one of the most popular podcasters. It's also possible that Malone didn't need a second shot since he'd already had COVID-19. Dr. Robert Malone Says Worst Case Scenario Has Happened! Dr. Malone is the discoverer of in-vitro and in-vivo RNA transfection and the inventor of mRNA vaccines, while he was at the Salk Institute in 1988. Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www . As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. "My business pays for LinkedIn premium. And he was a guest on the podcasts America First With Sebastian Gorka and The Joe Pags Show.. And people listened. (They weren't. Now he believes the injections made his symptoms worse: He still has a cough and is dealing with hypertension and reduced stamina, among other maladies. Now he's spreading unfounded claims about the vaccines and the virus. By Megan Redshaw On the "Dark Horse Podcast," Dr. Robert Malone, creator of mRNA vaccine technology, said the COVID vaccine lipid nanoparticles which tell the body to produce the spike protein leave the injection site and accumulate in organs and tissues. (Karik is a senior vice president at BioNTech, which partnered with Pfizer to create the first COVID-19 vaccine to be authorized for use last year.) Still, 33 years later, it appears evidence of their safety is nowhere near exhaustive especially considering this technology is now so widespread and advocated at every turn. He is a knowledgeable scientist with a knack for lucid explanation. My body will never be the same, he told me. "Right now, conservative media are the ones that are open," he told TrialSiteNews, where he's a member of the advisory committee, last year. Dr. Robert Malone, MRNA Vaccine Inventor, On The Bioethics Of Experimental Vaccines And The 'Ultimate Gaslighting' Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection. No, he is not, nor is he the inventor of mRNA vaccine technology. While he contributed to this field when it emerged, Malone is not the inventor of the mRNA vaccines, but one of the hundreds of researchers that contributed to their current success. In 1989, Malone published a paper titled "Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection." About 8,000 pay the $5 monthly cost, he said, which would amount to at least $31,200 in monthly revenue. Dr. Robert Malone has become a hero in the anti-vaccine community. "It's how science works. Categories: Vaccine Tags: Dr. Robert Malone, Maria Zeee, vaccine mandates Mixing Vaccines . With a new, more infectious variant on the scene, and the far right embracing his guidance far more than the scientific community ever will, he's turned from a vocal asker of vaccine questions to an outright vaccine-opposing evangelical, seemingly ignoring any and all evidence of vaccine safety. There are hundreds of scientists who contributed more to mRNA vaccines than he did.. Malone, when reached by phone, said he was extremely busy, and unsure about giving an interview. Whether Malone really came up with mRNA vaccines is a question probably best left to Swedish prize committees, but you could make a case for his involvement. He wants to be seen as the inventor of this technology, and when he wasnt by the scientific establishment, I dont know maybe he just turned against it, he said. On his personal website, Twitter, and LinkedIn, Dr. Robert Malone has been promoting himself as the inventor of mRNA vaccines. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has been a vocal opponent of vaccination for over a decade, and he has aggressively pushed the discredited link between vaccination and autism. Dr. Robert Malone, who invented the mRNA technology that's now being used in the COVID-19 vaccine, told Fox's Tucker Carlson on Wednesday night that there isn't enough data about the risks for these age groups and doesn't believe they should be forced to get vaccinated. And we didn't have all the pieces back then. There's also mandatory pharmacovigilance in the European Union, Japan has its own regulatory agency, and there are many other vaccine-surveillance systems in place in nations and hospitalsaround the world. But Dr. Malone was not the lead author on the paper and, according to Dr. Acsadi, did not make a significant contribution to the research. I have never claimed more than discovering a way to make RNA less inflammatory, she wrote to him. By that point, Malone had long moved away from the field of mRNA vaccine development. On December 30, Malone recorded a podcast with Rogan, and on December 31, their three-hour interview aired on Spotify, where Malone railed against some kind of "mass formation psychosis" driving people to worry too much about COVID-19. He began to attempt to set the record straight. In this interview with The New American, the mRNA platform pioneer Dr. Robert Malone outlines the issues with the federal regulations concerning vaccines for livestock and weighs in on the . It does not hang around in the body for a long time. One target of Malones ire, the biochemist Katalin Karik, has been featured in multiple news stories as an mRNA-vaccine pioneer. Twitter on Wednesday suspended the account of veteran virologist Robert Malone, who also has a significant contribution to the invention of mRNA technology. The Inventor of mRNA Vaccine Technology: Dr Robert Malone. In the late 1980s, Malone was working at the Salk Institute when he teamed up with a scientist at Vical, Inc. named Dr. Phil Felgner for what Nature magazine calls a landmark experiment.. Spread the love . He's become an icon and a friend to people who feel not only left out and dismissed by the scientific community but also ignored and shamed by their exhausted vaccinated friends, colleagues, and family with the dismissive attitude of, "Get vaccinated already, morons, and stop questioning any of this." I was there, Dr. Malone said. Second, the FDA and the CDC also review large, population-based healthcare datasets, to round out the picture of what happens after people get vaccinated with a more active form of surveillance. His statements in late December on The Joe Rogan Experience, one of the most popular podcasts in the country, with 11 million listeners per episode on average, were at the center of the uproar over Mr. Rogans role in spreading bad information about the virus. He calls what happened to him intellectual rape.. He calls out Peter Marks, the head of the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, by name, saying they've spoken about COVID-19-vaccine safety before. Health Feedback is a non-partisan, non-profit organization dedicated to science education. If. Dr Robert Malone has explained his . While the paper stated that the technology could provide alternative approaches to vaccine development, Dr. Acsadi said none of the other authors would claim that they invented the vaccine. It was not one individual or the pioneering work of an individual person., A spokeswoman for Penn Medicine said, We have been excited to witness the deployment of the vaccines in the global fight against the virus and the well-deserved global recognition for Drs. . His rsum says he was instrumental in securing early-stage approval for research on the Ebola vaccine by the pharmaceutical company Merck in the mid-2010s. Malone isn't the raving propagandist that some might like to dismiss him as one who's wrong about everything that comes out of his mouth. Dr. Malone is an internationally recognized scientist and the original inventor of mRNA vaccination, DNA vaccination, and multiple non-viral DNA and RNA/mRNA delivery technologies. He was also an inventor of DNA vaccines in 1988 and 1989. Please get in touch if you have any comment or think there is an important claim or article that would need to be reviewed. For instance, he recently tweeted that, according to an unnamed Israeli scientist, Pfizer and the Israeli government have an agreement not to release information about adverse effects for 10 years, which is hard to believe given that the countrys health ministry has already warned of a link between the Pfizer shot and rare cases of myocarditis. Absolutely," Geall said. Antivaxxers like Dr. Robert Malone (second from left, the one who looks like Kenny Rogers) refuse to defend the childhood vaccination schedule at the Better Way Conference 2022 in Bath, England. Dr. Robert Malone is a U.S. virologist and immunologist who has dedicated his professional existence to the development of mRNA vaccines. (Indeed, Malones studies are the first two references in Verbekes paper, out of 224 in total.) ABC10, Jan. 27, 2022 (Video) In-Depth: Did Robert Malone invent mRNA vaccines in San Diego? And they are taken aback by his emergence as a vaccine skeptic. If the same approach worked for human cells, the latter paper said in its conclusion, this technology may provide alternative approaches to vaccine development., These two studies do indeed represent seminal work in the field of gene transfer, according to Rein Verbeke, a postdoctoral fellow at Ghent University, in Belgium, and the lead author of a 2019 history of mRNA-vaccine development. She told me that Malone referred to himself in an email as her mentor and coach, though she says theyve met in person only once, in 1997, when he invited her to give a talk. Others have been rewarded handsomely for their work on mRNA vaccines, he says. He talks to hosts who arent going to question whether hes the brains behind the Pfizer and Moderna shots. Geert Vanden Bossche, inventor of mRNA vaccines, mRNA, Robert Malone, Tess Lawrie, vaccines; Categories. What Robert Malone did was to develop a method to get RNA into cells[1]. Dr. Robert Malone explained on the John Solomon Reports podcast Monday that new COVID-19 variants "are able [] These are both strategies that Malone is well aware of, given his career trajectory. Malone, the self-proclaimed inventor of the mRNA vaccine, medical doctor . The example he points to more frequently is from his time at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego. Malone is known in his field, and his work is often cited by the many, many others who've followed him to work further on mRNA vaccines and therapeutics. Just Vax propaganda pic.twitter.com/WsCozsbfQT He chuckled as he imagined Anthony Fauci announcing that the vaccination campaign was all a big mistake (Oh darn, I was wrong!) and would need to be abandoned. This is misleading. He's become a trusted source for people everywhere who aren't quite sure about these mRNA vaccines or whether they are really safe. Malone has thrived in this space of the sometimes unanswerable and often complicated, frustrating lingering questions of the pandemic. Dr. Robert Malone, is the Inventor of mRNA vaccines and RNA as a drug, and he is outraged by the government's decision to mandate people into a one size fits all medicinal solution. At the time, many scientists hoped mRNA would be a great help for cancer treatment, and Hoerr was just one of them. For more information, visithttps://www.unityprojectonline.com/, Cision Distribution 888-776-0942 He dropped out of graduate school in 1988, just short of his Ph.D., and went to work at a pharmaceutical company called Vical. But in recent months, as the coronavirus pandemic has persisted, he has taken up an entirely different role: spreading misinformation about the virus and vaccines on conservative programs. About The Unity ProjectTheUnity Project, anon-partisan, non-profit educational organization, works to support,coordinate and amplify the efforts of the various California-based community organizationsopposed to the state'sproposed K-12COVID-19vaccine mandate. While he was involved in some early research into the technology, his role in its creation was minimal at best, say half a dozen Covid experts and researchers, including three who worked closely with Dr. Malone. In extended interviews at his home over two days, Dr. Malone said he was repeatedly not recognized for his contributions over the course of his career, his voice low and grave as he recounted perceived slights by the institutions he had worked for. Its the same technology used by a number of COVID-19 vaccines authorized or approved in other countries like the AstraZeneca and Sputnik V vaccines. Before going any further, lets be clear that the back-and-forth between Bannon and Malone was premised on misinformation. Some of his work was important, said Dr. Alastair McAlpine, a pediatric infectious disease doctor based in Vancouver, British Columbia, but thats a long way away from claiming to have invented the technology that underpins the vaccines as we use them today., The vaccines are the result of hundreds of scientists all over the world, all combining to come together to form this vaccine, Dr. McAlpine said. Hes an upgrade over their typical guest list of chiropractors and naturopaths, and theyre perfectly happy to address him by the title he believes hes earned: inventor of the mRNA vaccines. An extensive history of the process to refine lipid nanoparticles can be found on Chemical & Engineering News. Malone has found good company lately in the ivermectin-promoting Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (of which Kory is a leading member), whose off-kilter COVID-19 treatment guidance he touts in an autoreply to anyone who emails him. Dr. Robert W. Malone is the inventor of the mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccine technology, and RNA as a drug. Different immune systems will react differently to vaccines and likely benefit from different COVID-19-vaccine regimens in the future, an immunological truth that everyone from Dr. Anthony Fauci to Malone agrees on. Scientifically trained at UC Davis, UC San Diego, and at the Salk Institute Molecular Biology and Virology laboratories, Dr. Malone received his medical training at Northwestern University (MD) and Harvard University Medical School (Clinical Research Post Graduate) , and in Pathology at UC Davis. Malone was riffing on a botched sentence in a USA Today article, one that was later deleted but not before being screenshotted and widely shared. Although The Unity Project officially launched just last week, the organization came to market announcing existing strategic partnerships with over sixty grassroots organizations across the state and beyond. Both the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines represent a new technology in the vaccine field: mRNA vaccines. First, federal regulators keep tabs on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, which gathers reports from both citizens and healthcare workers nationwide of anything amiss after a vaccination whether it is directly related to vaccination or not. Suddenly, it seemed, everyone wanted to know who was responsible for this promising technique. Inventor of mRNA vaccine platform: omicron is a Christmas present to us Dr. Robert Malone reveals just how infectious and deadly the omicron variant is on 'The Ingraham Angle.' Live Now. I was an original inventor of core mRNA and DNA vaccination technology (1989), hold nine US issued patents in that area, and am a specialist . Many well-meaning public figures and donors committed themselves to the wrong ideas, just to be able to tell themselves that they are indeed playing a role helping to solve the crisis, he said. Today, we learned some truth about FAKE mRNA "inventor", Dr. Robert Malone. Check out this great listen on Audible.com. The mRNA vaccines we have areworking to keep people from dying and staving off severe disease in many, many hundreds of millions of people around the world, but they're not perfect. Health Feedback has previously published an Insight on mRNA vaccines and their development (see here). So I don't think we can turn around and say these vaccines aren't safe. Dr. Malone also routinely sells himself on the shows as the inventor of mRNA vaccines, the technology used by Pfizer and Moderna for their Covid-19 shots, and says he doesnt get the credit he deserves for their development. Malone has become a regular on Fox News and spent three hours on Joe Rogan's podcast in late December. He's created a comfortable home base for those who feel just as disenfranchised as he does, and there's a reason they're listening to him. IRVINE, Calif., Nov. 15, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- The Unity Project announced today that Dr. Robert Malone, MD, MS, has been named the organization's chief medical and regulatory officer. Its extraordinarily dishonest and morally bankrupt., The Latest Covid Misinformation Star Says He Invented the Vaccines, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/03/technology/robert-malone-covid.html, unlikely to reach the United States market anytime soon, will end its aggressive but contentious vaccine mandate, hydroxychloroquine due to risk of heart rhythm problems, ivermectin does not reduce the risk of Covid hospitalization. He speaks to large crowds of cheering fans, as he did most notably this year at a January 23 "Defeat the Mandates: An American Homecoming" rally on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Malone is the inventor of mRNA vaccines. Theyre not going to quibble over whether credit should be shared with co-authors, or talk about how science is like a relay race, or point out that, absent the hard work of brilliant researchers who came before and after Malone, there would be no vaccine.
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