While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Disorganized Thinking. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). d. both b and c. 2. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. Guilleminault et al. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Has something like this ever happened to you? While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Diarrhea. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Identifying Internal States of the Brain | Technology Networks Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Think meditation might help? Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Treatment. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet c. deaths due to accidents have increased. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Add a comment. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Loss of appetite. 22. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Upset stomach and vomiting. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). c. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Reduced urine. . Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). It is typically consumed in pill form. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. a - a mole that looks cancerous. . Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. The heart rate slows . Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa 23. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20).
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