Elizabethan punishments - you talent Crime and punishment elizabethan era essay How it works. Crime records from Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Surrey and Sussex suggest that there was a massive rise in property offences (larceny, burglary, house-breaking . Punishment would vary according to each of these classes. The keys to this political enigma are to be found in the tortuous path that led Princess Elizabeth to her coronation at the age of 25. The convictions and beliefs in these different religions were so strong that they led to the executions of many adherents to both of these Elizabethan religions. English playwright William Shakespeare is considered to be among the most influential writers of all times for several reasons. A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland). Beating individuals head with a stick isn't a good option. Terracotta tiles on the roof of Saintoft Lodge, Newton-on-Rawcliffe, Ryedale, North Yorkshire. Misdemeanors were often attributed to the commoners. E actually rascal is not a pillager, solely altogether thief is a rascal. The heart of alleged witch Margaret Read jumped from her body and hit the wall opposite in Tuesday's Market Place, King's Lynn. The Pendle witches were kept in Lancaster Castle's damp cells in 1612. Crime records from Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Surrey and Sussex suggest that there was a massive rise in property offences (larceny, burglary, house-breaking and robbery) from an average of around 250 a year in the early 1590s to about 430 in 1598. Some of her predictions for the future were amazingly accurate as she prophesied the invention of iron ships and the destruction of London. 05 Oct 2021 Life was often nasty, brutish and painful for criminals in Tudor England, with a host of fiendish punishments dished out by the state to wrong-doers, including some new methods of execution dreamt up by King Henry VIII himself. Families in this stratum desperately tried to maintain their status until their inability to meet mounting debts or some personal disaster sent them down to the labouring poor. He made a habit of appearing lightly in the teenagers room. Witchcraft. In the 16th and 17th centuries people across England, irrespective of status, believed in witches. Crime and punishment in 18th- and 19th-century Britain . The social dislocation caused by the bad harvests of the 1590s was exacerbated by warfare. Crime Law & Punishment. Martin Luther was a German priest, monk, and theologian who rose to prominence as the face of the Protestant Reformation, a religious and social movement that gave Lutheranism its name. Felonies included robbery, theft, witchcraft, and violent acts. Elizabethan England - The Poor Law Society in Elizabethan England was changing and the number of poor people living in abject poverty was increasing. Archaeologist Dr David Neal discussing his illustration of the mosaic being excavated at Rutland Roman Villa with members of the University of Leicester Archaeological Services team, Bombed library in Holland House, Kensington. Elizabethan England - Elizabethan Tortures Elizabethan Tortures were excruciatingly painful and violent. Find out about listed buildings and other protected sites, and search the National Heritage List for England (NHLE). Regiojet Train Croatia, Crime and Punishment - Elizabethan Museum Many of the methods of torture that were employed during Tudor times had been in use since the Middle Ages. Elizabethan England. Consciousness remains for at least eight seconds after beheading until lack of oxygen causes unconsciousness, and eventually death. Elizabeth was the child of Henry VIII of England and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Although earlier reformers had voiced Luther's beliefs, his . There are records of children aged 12 being hanged. Some of their ways of dealing with poor behaved students include generally consist of beatings. The crisis elicited a variety of reactions from those disadvantaged by it. England's food supply was abundant throughout. Samuel Beckett Quotes Fail Better, "; The most common crimes were: Theft for stealing anything over 5 pence resulted in hanging - a terrible price to pay for poor people who were starving. Upset during her reign by an unprecedented cultural explosion, which first passed by the affirmation of a language, she declaimed at the theatre and sung at mass. Class hatred was manifest, he wrote, with the poor saying that the rich men have gotten all into their hands and will starve the poor. This led to thousands of people, mostly women, being falsely accused, forced to confess under torture and punished. The Elizabethan Era Topics Crime Methods of Torture Places for Punishments Legal Vocabulary Famous Criminals Connection to Shakespeare Interesting Facts Game Works Cited Punishment: Burning Punishment: Hanging Punishment: Whipping Punishment: Boiled in Oil Punishment: Beheaded Punishment: Beating Punishment: No Punishment This itself was made up of two equally distinct parts: the jail (or gaol) and the house of correction. Other heinous crimes - including robbery, rape, and manslaughter - also warranted the use of torture. Consequently, it was at cases of high treason when torture was strictly and heavily employed. the elizabethan era: Crime and punishment. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327-1360 (Warfare in. Elizabethan Era Index Queen Elizabeth I The most dreadful punishment of being Hung, Drawn and Quartered was a barbaric form of execution was reserved for the most hated prisoners who had usually been convicted of treason. After the death of the king, thirteen-year-old Elizabeth was at the heart of the intrigues led by the Seymour family. Harrison, William, Description of Elizabethan England (originally published 1577-78, republished for the New Shakespeare Society 1877-1878); Rowse,A.L., The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society (1971). This incredible eBook offers every Shakespearean play, poem, apocryphal work and much, much more! Rape: during the time period this was a man forcing a women to partake in sexual intercourse outside of marriage against her consent. back to crimes Structure and Form. Many punishments and executions were witnessed by many hundreds of people. The first of these episodes, in which the 1,500 soldiers billeted in and around the city daily fought and quarrelled, was only suppressed when the mayor of Chester declared martial law, set up a gibbet and hanged three men identified as ringleaders. 81 Academy Hill Newcastle, Maine 04553. However, not everyone who actually lived through the Elizabethan era was quite so convinced that they were in a golden age. Our website works best with the latest version of the browsers below, unfortunately your browser is not supported. Yet it not only provides an alternative perspective on what life was like for ordinary men and women in the 16th century, far from the glittering court of the Virgin Queen, but also deepens our understanding of how the regime functioned. Begging was a serious crime during the Renaissance and with the poor people not obtaining the amount of food needed, they were beaten as a harsh punishment ("Elizabethan Crime and Punishment"). This fact has called the attention of many Shakespeare readers and students, but the playwright's concern with crime and punishment is not gratuitous. Thirty people were found guilty, 19 of whom were executed by hanging (14 women and five men). In the 19 th century, Whitechapel was one of the poorest areas of London, with around 175,000 people living there at the time. Criminals who committed serious crimes, such as treason or murder would face extreme torture as payment for their crimes. It is a period marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Themes like ambition, justice, jealousy, love, family bonds, political intrigues, revenge, deception, and gender identity are frequent topics in Shakespeare's plays. Historic England Ref AA96_04839. In Winter's Tale and The Twelfth Night, the characters mention the practice of boiling a convict in oil or lead. In order for it to be put in effect the Queen had to craft the bill and send it to parliament for approval. The method of execution was determined by the scale and severity of the crime. Begging was a serious crime during the Elizabethan era. Now you can truly own all of Shakespeare's works and a wealth of BONUS material on your eReader, and all in ONE well-organised file. Crime And Punishment In The Elizabethan Era Essay 490 Words | 2 Pages. d. Why was punishment in Shakespeare's times like going to . Punishment for poaching crimes differed according to when the crime was committed. The danger of looking at Elizabethan-era capital punishment is that is allows us to feel better about the way in which we punish criminals today. It is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest times in history because renaissance was at a new height with music, poetry, and literature starting. As a result, the Elizabethan period witnessed the emergence of poverty on a new scale. Elizabethan England - Religion - Protestants, Catholics and Jews The two major religions in Elizabethan England were the Catholic and Protestant religions. Crime and punishment in Britain overview - Edexcel, Crime and punishment in medieval England, c.1000-c.1500 - Edexcel, Crime and punishment in early modern England, c.1500-c.1700 - Edexcel, Crime and punishment in 18th- and 19th-century Britain - Edexcel, Crime and punishment in modern Britain, c.1900 - Edexcel, Crime and punishment in Whitechapel, c.1870-c.1900 - Edexcel, Medicine in medieval England, c.1250-c.1500 - Edexcel, The medical Renaissance in England, c.1500-c.1700 - Edexcel, Medicine in 18th- and 19th-century Britain, c.1700-c.1900 - Edexcel, Medicine in modern Britain, c.1900-present - Edexcel, Medicine on the British sector of the Western Front, 1914-1918. A statue to commemorate one of the Pendle witches can be found in Roughlee, where the alleged witch Alice Nutter is thought to have lived. She was the second in the list of succession. In Elizabethan England, crime and punishment was very sporadic and untrustworthy. The most dreadful punishment of being Hung, Drawn and Quartered was a barbaric form of execution was reserved for the most hated prisoners who had usually been convicted of treason. Elizabeth was the child of Henry VIII of England and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Explore the many ways you can help to support the incredibly rich and varied heritage. Elizabethan Crime And Punishment Of The Elizabethan Era The sheer amounts of books now being produced allows cheaper and easier access to books for everyone. William Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan Era of England. The Rack, the Scavenger's Daughter, the Collar, the Iron Maiden, Branding Irons, the Wheel and Thumbscrews were all excruciating methods of Elizabethan tortures. This work focuses on the punishments common in England around the time of Shakespeare and Milton, presenting descriptions of more than fifty criminal cases. Geoffrey J. et al)." The Bubonic Plague has picked up many nicknames. Get GCSE Romeo and Juliet - Act 3 Scene 1. Shakespeare's England, Life in Elizabethan and Jacobean Times is an excellent book edited by R. E. Pritchard that compiles and discusses primary documents from Shakespeare's contemporaries in order to describe his world. cases concerning treason, felony, or any other grievous crime not confessed, the party accused doth yield, if he be a noble man, to be tried by an inquest (as I have said) and his peers; if a gentleman, by gentlemen; and an inferior, by God and by the country, to wit, the yeomanry (for combat or battle is not greatly in use), and, being condemned of felony, manslaughter, etc., he is hanged by the neck till he be dead, and then cut down and buried. Fraud: deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain. Theft was another remedy. The Duke of Norfolk attempted to snatch from the dying queen the initials authorizing the decapitation of Elizabeth. These record that, following the disastrous harvest of 1596, just under 50 parishioners were buried in December that year compared with a monthly average of just 20 in 1595. Forms of Torture in Elizabethan England. The Elizabethan Era Facts: Mary, Queen of Scots In 1560, the Scottish Parliament mainly became Protestant. What crime is committed in Shakespeare's play Macbeth? bouquinistes restaurant paris; private client direct jp morgan; show-off crossword clue 6 letters; thermage near illinois; 2012 kia sportage camshaft position sensor location "; And though life expectancy remained low, ambitions were raised, especially in a merchant class that began to challenge the privileges of the old nobility. Mother Shipton is believed to have been a witch and an oracle, morbidly predicting days of reckoning and tragedies that were to befall the Tudor reign. All but two of the Pendle witches were tried at Lancaster Assizes on the 18th and 19th August 1612. More recently the Michael Hirst/Shekhar Kapur Elizabeth movies concluded that, under Elizabeth, England became the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe. Emotional exile and humiliation had marked her youth, Henry and Anne Boleyn making her pay the price of the interminable lawsuit for annulment of the first marriage of the king. School History is the largest library of history teaching and study resources on the internet. ~The other most common crimes committed are: sexual assault, robbery, breaking and entering, theft, vandalism and motor vehicle theft. Sir Martin Frobisher explored the Arctic and went on three voyages to the New World in search for the North-west Passage. The last eight lines reveal that goal. At that moment, Elizabeths fate was suspended by a royal signature. Found insideBreight, Curtis C., Surveillance, Militarism and Drama in the Elizabethan Era (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996). meatcher-imaging via Flickr. In 1500 there was around 2.5 million people in England. In 1558, the Duke of Norfolk attempted to behead her. It aims to develop students' topic-related vocabulary by introducing them to new words and phrases in the context of a short reading activity on the subject of sixteenth century crime and punishment. The Pendle witches were kept in Lancaster Castle's damp cells in 1612. "Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2001). Though many of today's crimes may be similar to those in Elizabethan England, the methods of punishment have definitely changed a lot. Children began their education at home, starting with basic etiquette. Many Victorians believed that having to work very hard would prevent criminals committing crime in the future. The poem is free-verse, having no regular rhyme scheme or meter. Witch fever reached new heights when witchcraft was again classed as a felony in 1562 under a statute of Elizabeth I. The consequences of such lawbreaking activities were not always the same for different . Hornbeam Arts via Flickr. In Elizabethan England, crime and punishment was very sporadic and untrustworthy. The poor were divided into three categories - the 'Deserving Poor', the 'Deserving Unemployed' and 'Undeserving Poor' - those who turned to a life of crime or had become beggars. "; Elizabeth had to submit her virginity to a humiliating examination to counter the rumours. 7 Interesting Facts about the Elizabethan Era. Crime and punishment in medieval England, c.1000-c.1500 - Edexcel. "; It allows and even encourages total unfettered freedom in certain areas foul language, anti-white hatred, tattoos & piercings, green/purple hair, globo-homo-tranny trashiness, black thuggery, white self-loathing, horny for Zion, video game violence, alcohol & drugs, sacrilege against Christianity, etc. One of the most famous witch trials in British history is that of the Pendle witches in 1612, where 12 'witches' who lived around Pendle Hill, mostly women, were charged with the murders of 10 people using witchcraft. But no amount of crime was worth the large assortment or punishments that were lined up for the next person who dared cross the line. As a tool of social climbing, education became increased in value. The prison regime also tried to disconnect prisoners with their old criminal identities by giving them new haircuts, a bath, a uniform and a number instead of a name when they entered the prison for the first time. Every town parish was responsible for the poor and unemployed within that parish. Throughout Edward's short reign the young ruler kept a journal, a detailed diary recounting events in his kingdom. This manifested itself particularly in two ways. The article "Crime and Punishment in the Elizabethan Era" expresses that crime was an issue in Elizabethan England, and a threat to the stability of society. Punishments - Education in The Elizabethan Era Punishments The worst part: When students were bad at school teachers always had an answer. 660 Words3 Pages. In cases of theft, the property of the offender would be committed while he would be killed in any of the abovementioned ways or by placing heavy weights on the body of the person. Suspecting at least two plots, the queen had her imprisoned in the Tower of London. Imprisonment as such was not considered a punishment during the Elizabethan era, and those who committed a crime were subject to hard and often cruel physical punishment. Click any of the example images below to view a larger version. There were no famines during the Elizabethan era. Hard times were clearly encouraging the poor to steal, even though most of the offences were capital. The death toll remained high throughout 1597, peaking at 70 in a particularly grim March. The Pope was not allowed to have power. This punishment was given in public. Various means of tortures were use to extract confessions for crime. a. Be able to teach Elizabethan Era to your students? "; Poaching: illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of animals. Crime and punishment in Elizabethan England Liza Picard takes a look at crime in Elizabethan England and describes the brutal punishments offenders received, from whipping and public humiliation to hanging and burning at the stake. When she starts working at the prestigious Skelton Institute of Art, she discovers a painting rumored to be the work of Isaac Robles, a young artist of immense talent and vision whose mysterious death has confounded the art world for Crime And Punishment In England: An Introductory History - Page 209 There were different ways with which to perform torture upon a prisoner, all of which are humiliating and painful. Imprisonment There were prisons, and they were full, and rife with disease. During the Elizabethan period there were many horrible means of punishment and torture . ", Varying Punishment for Commoner and Nobility, "Sometimes, if the trespass be not the more heinous, they are suffered to hang till they be quite dead. For the most part, laws had not changed since the medieval era, and although prisons did exist, their use was mostly limited to being spaces were detainees awaited trial. Her mother was killed when she was only three years old. Crime and Punishment during Henry VIII Rule: The punishments for crimes committed during the reign of Henry VIII and the rest of the Tudor period were very cruel and violent. The upper classes engaged in jousting and fencing. Following execution, the severed head was held up by the executioner by pulling the hair. It is important to note that the judicial system that was in place during Shakespeare's lifetime was significantly different from the one we know today. The act produces nightmarish guilt in Raskolnikov. Finally, it provides students . Witchcraft was first made a capital offence in 1542 under a statute of Henry VIII but was repealed five years later. It is well known that the Tower of London has been a place of imprisonment, torture and execution over the centuries. Elizabethan crime and punishments. Works Cited " Elizabethan Crime and Punishment." She was only three years old in 1536 when her mother Anne Boleyn was decapitated. Murder rates have been slightly higher in 16th Century England than the late-20th Century. However, crime was also a popular and perfectly legal and acceptable form of punishment for serious crimes. They would often become involved in Political intrigue and matters of Religion. Just like in romeo and juliet where if you got caught fighting again you would be put to death.During the Elizabethan Time punishments were harsh. 10 learner guides. Part of the Alfred Newton and Sons collection. For the nobility the least that they could expect in the form of a punishment was the confiscation of their lands and titles. By 1650, that number had soared to more than 5 million the economy simply couldnt keep up. Elizabeth transcribed, from French to English, The Mirror of the Sinful Soul of Marguerite de Navarre, the sister of Francis I, as a gift to her stepmother Catherine Parr in 1545. Private libraries were growing. It is surprising to learn that actually, torture was only employed in the Tower during the 16th and 17th centuries, and only a fraction of the Tower's prisoners were tortured. Our customers are pleased with different discounts for any type of the paper. Sign up to our newsletter to discover Historic England's work and findout about news and projects near you. It had. Increased prosperity led to a generalised interest in the arts, particularly in theatre, music, and literature. months[0] = "Discover the vast range of useful, leisure and educational websites published by the Siteseen network. The author of The Time Travelers Guide to Medieval England takes you through the world of Shakespeare and Queen Elizabeth I From the author of The Time Travelers Guide to Medieval England, this popular history explores daily life in For many crimes, especially amongst the noble classes the punishment was often execution, sometimes following an imprisonment in the Tower of London; especially during the time of Elizabeth I. the lost colony, n.d. He also complained that there had been food riots, with rioters declaring that they must not starve, they will not starve. For example, a client, who cooperate Crime And Punishment Elizabethan Era Essay with our service for more than a year can get great discount for to do my homework paper or thesis statement. It is your agreed own era to play in reviewing habit. The common belief was that the country was a dangerous place, so stiff punishments were in place with the objective of deterring criminals from wrongdoing and limiting the lawless condition of Elizabethan roads and cities. Strange, weird, brutal and more severe punishments were given in those times. A group of volunteers from The Friends of Balaam's Wood Local Nature Reserve clearing brambles at Gannow Green Moated Site, New Frankley in Birmingham, Two horsemen reading The Sportsman, 30 Oct 1902, Farnborough, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire. What changes over time is how society deals with its young offenders. 1. How has this happened? Rumours circulated, stating Elizabeth was pregnant. What made it worse was harvest failure, for the steady upward progress of grain prices was punctuated by years of dearth, of which those of 159497 were remarkable for the misery they engendered. Mother Shipton's Cave in Knaresborough and a nearby 'petrifying well' are among the country's oldest visitor attractions. More Info On- Famous Sailors During Tudor Times, Interesting Facts About The Tudor and Henry VIII Navy, Tudor Punishments for Crimes. In the Elizabethan Era there was a lot of punishments for the crimes that people did. "; And so the men made their way home, only to be arrested. Catherine Parr took care of them indeed, having raised the three heirs of the Crown by giving them the humanist education promoted by the writings of Thomas More (Utopia, 1516) and Baldassare Castiglione (The Book of the Courtier, 1528). The punishment was death by hanging, removing the culprit's internal organs, or dismemberment. During this time people just could not kill somebody and just go . Heritage Apprentices in a training session on the Researching The Historic Environment module and training in Architectural Photography. On January 15, 1559, Anne Boleyns daughter was crowned in Westminster Abbey; a monstrosity for many subjects. "; It was during this period of English history that the first theatres were built, as until that time theatre plays were performed at town squares or at taverns. Legend has it that whilst being consumed by flames, Margaret's heart jumped from her body and hit the wall opposite, leaving a permanent burn on the brick, which is still marked today. Thieves that are saved by their books and clergy, for the first offence, if they have stolen nothing else but oxen, sheep, money, or such like, which be no open robberies, as by the highway side, or assailing of any man's house in the night, without putting him in fear of his life, or breaking up his walls or doors, are burned in the left hand, upon the brawn of the thumb, with a hot iron, so that, if they be apprehended again, that mark betrayeth them to have been arraigned of felony before, whereby they are sure at that time to have no mercy.". Since Elizabethan England was a very cruel and violent time period, the best thing to do during this time period was to follow the laws to prevent punishment and humiliation. Additional Resources/Crime and Punishment Photo Clip Art Pack/6.jpg. The Bubonic Plague killed over twenty-five million people during the Elizabethan Era (David Perlin, PhD and Ann Cohen). In this article we explore the significance of these topics in Shakespeare's work. The death penalty can no longer be enacted in cases of theft. .adslot_1 { width: 300px; height: 250px; } She also wrote poetry. She had so many enemies and they nicknamed her the bastard heretic. Under Tudor rule, the country experience an important economic resurgence. Treason was by far the most serious of all crimes, and the playwright reflected this fact in several of his plays. How were the Jews perceived in England during the Elizabethan era. The Anglican reform caused a rise of religious music through the psalms sung in Book of Common Prayer, the official book for the daily worship of all. In 1553, Edward VI died of pneumonia at the age of 15 years. His were isolated sentiments, perhaps, but it is interesting that some inhabitants of Merrie England were advocating class warfare and support for the nations enemies. The one incident where we know such an outcome was envisaged was a complete failure. Mary Tudor was well aware of this risk when she married Philip II. In the Elizabethan Era, people went and watched people being hung, beheaded or even eaten by lions. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The harvests of 1594 and 1595 were bad enough, but 1596 was disastrous, sending grain prices rocketing to their highest levels of the 16th century, with grim consequences for thousands. Disobedience was seen as a crime against their religion and it resulted in consequences. AAAA ll.b. Some 5,000 titles had been published in the eighty-seven years preceding Elizabeths accession. Elizabethan London was a place of contrast. And as her reign came to craft a sense of national identity that had not been found before, so she came to embody our best selves: courageous, independent, eccentric, amusing, capricious and reasonable, when reason was all. But, the most striking manifestation of the Elizabethan Golden Age was undoubtedly the birth of modern theatre. Coursework, Essay & Homework assistance including assignments fully Marked by Teachers and Peers. Shrove Tuesday is the day before Ash Wednesday. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); We recommend the following site for Facts and information about Medieval England. His first masterpiece, the novel is a psychological analysis of the poor former student Raskolnikov, whose theory that he is an extraordinary person able to take on the spiritual responsibility of using evil means to achieve humanitarian ends leads him to murder. Find out more about Heritage Apprenticeships. Crime and Punishment. Girls were mostly not sent to school, and if ever were only allowed to attend petty schools. Crimes were met with violent, cruel punishments. This was a crime often associated with the upper classes, and possibly, the most famous real-life example of the severity of treason was the execution of Queen Mary, who was sentenced to death by her own sister Queen Elizabeth I on the grounds of treachery. term paper lb 5033 criminology prescribed readings: harry elmer barnes and negley teeters, new horizons in criminology (3rd ed., 1959) george vold, Wedged between a legitimate son and the granddaughter of Catholic kings, what was the girl whose mother had been found guilty of high treason? The concept of incarcerating a person as punishment for a crime was a relatively novel idea at the time. They made sure every punishment resulted in pain. Notable astronomers who advanced navigation and cartography were Thomas Harriot and Thomas Digges. "; Elizabethan England. Using a Taser is more efficient. Learn about several kinds of Elizabethan Era crime, and punishments received for committing them. But why? Aqa GCSE (9-1) Design & Technology 8552 - M. J. Ross 2017-05-05 . What were the jails like during Elizabethan era? Taking birds eggs was also deemed to be a crime and could result in the death sentence. Cutting off the right hand, as well as plucking out eyes with hot pinchers and tearing off fingers in . More Info On- Elizabethan Courts, Elizabethan Crime Punishment Law and Courts, Daily life During Elizabethan Era. Elizabethan England - Crime & Punishment Elizabethan England and Elizabethan Crime and Punishment - not a happy subject. No segment of Englands population was more terrifyingly vulnerable to high grain prices than prisoners awaiting trial in its county jails. The Queen in obedience to her husband, if she were to marry a foreign prince, what would happen if it was a Habsburg or a Valois, these false friends of England, a small kingdom caught between Spain and France?
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