no immunophenotypic abnormalities detected no immunophenotypic abnormalities detected

CD34 cells can be detected in cord blood, bone marrow and in the peripheral blood of normal subjects, where they constitute respectively about 1.5% and 0.1-0.01% of the elements . Imamura N, Kusunoki Y, Oda K, Abe K, Dohi H, Inada T, Kuramoto A, Kajihara H, Fujii H, Kawa K, et al. While hundreds of antigens have been identified and have a unique CD number, only a small number of these are routinely used. This triage panel also determines if there is an increase in the number of T cells that aberrantly coexpress CD16, an immunophenotypic feature of T-cell granular lymphocytic leukemia. Immunophenotypic identification of acute myeloid leukemia with - Nature Rosado FG, Morice WG, He R, Howard MT, Timm M, McPhail ED: Immunophenotypic features by multiparameter flow cytometry can help distinguish low grade B-cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation from plasma cell proliferative disorders with an unrelated clonal B-cell process. with these terms and conditions. -T-cell receptor gene rearrangement to examine clonality of T cells in cases showing phenotypically aberrant T-cell population. Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3409649/. government site. If additional testing is required, it will be added per the algorithm to fully characterize a disease state with a charge per unique antibody tested. Normal granulocytes show sequential progression from promyelocytes . Available online at https://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/111/8/3941.full. Abnormal Reports, SI Normal Reports | This panel, together with the provided clinical history and morphologic review, is used to determine what, if any, additional testing is needed for disease diagnosis or classification. In these cases, LSC analysis is a methodology of choice because of its low sample requirements. While morphologic assessment of blood smears, bone marrow smears, and tissue sections remains the cornerstone of lymphoma and leukemia diagnosis and classification, immunophenotyping is a very valuable and important complementary tool. Initial evaluation of . The immunophenotype of adult acute myeloid leukemia: high frequency of lymphoid antigen expression and comparison of immunophenotype, French-American-British classification, and karyotypic abnormalities. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Front Oncol. Leukemias and lymphomas are caused by an abnormal white blood cell that begins to divide uncontrollably, making numerous copies of itself (clones). ( 2006). TdT and PAX5 were performed in five of the seven patients with ABLB detected by FC. Immunophenotyping is widely used to identify and classify AML. A ONECARE MEDIA COMPANY. Curr Oncol Rep. 2003 Sep;5(5):413-8. doi: 10.1007/s11912-003-0028-4. The markers (antigens) that are present on the cells as detected by flow cytometry immunophenotyping will help characterize the cells present. Williams and Wilkins Inc; 1994:939-969, 3. Available online at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/all.pdf. degree in Chemistry and Master of Science (M.Sc) degree in Biochemistry from the University of Calicut, India. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein was detected in about 33% (3/9) of ALCLs examined by flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI); expression was validated by immunohistochemical analysis. (2019 January, Updated).Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ALL. ( 19952011). J Immunol. The t(14;19)(q32;q13) involving the IGH@ and BCL3 loci is an infrequent cytogenetic abnormality detected in B-cell malignancies. In this interview, AZoM speaks to Rohan Thakur, the President of Life Science Mass Spectrometry at Bruker, about what the opportunities of the market are and how Bruker is planning on rising to the challenge. Usually, 20 mL of pleural or peritoneal fluid is sufficient. A stable aberrant immunophenotype characterizes nearly all cases of The results may also be used to predict how aggressive the cancer will be and/or whether it will respond to certain treatment. Additional FISH or molecular testing may be recommended by the Mayo pathologist to facilitate diagnosis. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Accessibility Bookshelf Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies There is a dim Kappa expression and dim CD20 expression. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted An official website of the United States government. Please allow 2-3 business days for an email response from one of the volunteers on the Consumer Information Response Team. 1. Would you like email updates of new search results? Diverse Immunophenotypic Abnormalities in Adult Patients with This form enables patients to ask specific questions about lab tests. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 2010 Sep;34(9):1235-1238. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.03.020, 2. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. If no abnormalities are detected by the initial panel, no further flow cytometric assessment will be performed unless otherwise indicated by specific features of the clinical presentation or prior laboratory results. 4th ed. Understanding Laboratory Tests. Atypical cells can change back to normal cells if the underlying cause is removed or resolved. Available online at https://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003109-pdf.pdf. She just said I needed another pap in 6 months. In addition to reflexing flow cytometric panels, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing for PML-RARA translocation t(15;17) may be added by the Mayo Clinic pathologist to exclude acute promyelocytic leukemia if there is morphologic suspicion or if blasts and promyelocytes are CD34-negative and HLA-DR-negative. Mosbys Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 10th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. (2016 February 3, Revised). Using a method of analysis relying solely on immunoarchitectural features of a given case, the authors were able to define immunologic criteria capable of differentiating benign from malignant lymphoid processes independent from conventional morphologic analysis. info@integrityaesthetic.ph. 1985 Oct;79(4):445-54. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90031-2. What is Immunophenotyping? - News-Medical.net Accessed December 2014. The data of CLONEPnh archive show that the analysis carried out were: 13 in 2010, 16 in 2011, 28 in 2012 and 12 in first six months of 2013 and new PNH clones detected were 1, 0, 1 and 1 respectively. Jiang NG, Jin YM, Niu Q, Zeng TT, Su J, Zhu HL. For solid tissue specimens, order LLPT / Leukemia/Lymphoma Immunophenotyping, Flow Cytometry, Tissue. Ngan BY, Picker LJ, Medeiros LJ, Warnke RA. Wittwera, C. and Brown, M. (2000). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). These newer treatments may have reduced side effects compared to conventional chemotherapy (newer targeted therapies are usually added to traditional chemotherapy). All rights reserved. National Cancer Institute [On-line information]. 2013 Jan;92(1):89-96. doi: 10.1007/s00277-012-1574-3. Pertinent clinical history including reason for testing or clinical indication. Pp 244-247. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. On the other hand, ANKL displays a strikingly abnormal immunophenotype in contrast to nonneoplastic NK cells. Immunophenotypic and antigen receptor gene rearrangement analysis in T cell neoplasia. 2019 Mar;96(2):99-115. doi: 10.1002/cyto.b.21768, 4. Among T-cell populations outside the thymus, phenotypes associated with malignancy included 1) loss of pan-T antigens (including loss of the beta chain of the T-cell antigen receptor), 2) coexpression or loss of T-subset antigens, 3) Leu-6+ T-lineage, and 4) MB-1+ T lineage. Recenti Prog Med. Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. This technique helps in prognostication and is also used to differentiate between neoplastic and reactive expansions of lymphocytes. on this website is designed to support, not to replace the relationship Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Cheriyedath, Susha. Flow cytometry may be used to characterize and count types of white blood cells in the evaluation of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders or immunodeficiencies. Would you like email updates of new search results? . Immunophenotyping is widely used for the following reasons: To differentiate between: Acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia B and T cell lymphoid neoplasms such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and. According to the European Group for the Immunological Classification of Leukemias (EGIL), AML can be immunologically defined by the expression of atleast two of the following myeloid markers: Based on this classification, one study researched the prognostic significance of various immunophenotypic subgroups in 177 adult AML patients. Overall, del(13q14) and +12 were the most common abnormalities (39%), whereas del(11q13), del(17p13), and del(6q23) were detected only in 3, 1, and 0 cases, respectively. Shi M, Jevremovic D, Otteson GE, Timm MM, Olteanu H, Horna P: Single antibody detection of T-cell receptor alpha beta clonality by flow cytometry rapidly identifies mature T-cell neoplasms and monotypic small CD8-positive subsets of uncertain significance. Application of these criteria to a series of nearly 500 cases of lymphoma indicated that over 90% of B-lineage and about 80% of T-lineage neoplasms manifested immunophenotypic abnormalities that could distinguish them from benign, reactive lymphoid processes. 1. The volume of fluid necessary to phenotype the lymphocytes or blasts in serous effusions depends upon the cell count in the specimen. MeSH Accessed April 2011. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Accessed January 2020. Specimen Stability Information: Refrigerated < or =96 hours. (Blood cells normally mature in the bone marrow and are released into circulation when they are mature or nearly mature.) Accessed April 2011. no immunophenotypic abnormalities detected 2. Lamb, A. et. No abnormalities were detected for the other phenotypic markers analyzed, . Anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein was detected in about 33% (3/9) of ALCLs examined by flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI); expression was validated by immunohistochemical analysis. Clinical Laboratory Medicine. Report will include a morphologic description, a summary of the procedure, the percent positivity of selected antigens, and an interpretive conclusion based on the correlation of the clinical history with the morphologic features and immunophenotypic results. The .gov means its official. First, the CD45/linear side scatter gating of flow cytometry allows the initial identification of neoplastic subpopulations for additional immunophenotypic analysis in half of ANKL cases. no immunophenotypic abnormalities detectedpower bi search multiple values Haziran 10, 2022 / community funeral home pikeville, ky obituaries / in walks from bowleaze cove / tarafndan In these cases, LSC analysis is a methodology of choice because of its low sample requirements. 1993 Mar;9(4-5):285-91. doi: 10.3109/10428199309148525. Acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) are hematologic malignancies with varied molecular and immunophenotypic profiles, making them difficult to diagnose and classify. Accessed January 2020. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Even normal aging can make cells appear abnormal. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping is an established method for the detection of occult leptomeningeal disease in patients with aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and is increasingly being used in the evaluation of patients without an established diagnosis of lymphoma who present with signs and/or symptoms referable to the central nervous Trisomy 12 is the second most frequent aberration detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization at the time of diagnosis (10-25%), and it confers an . These antibodies were often linked with a fluorescent or a chemical indicator that would make these abnormal cells visible when observed under a microscope. -Bone Marrow Staging for Known or Suspected Malignant Lymphoma Algorithm, -Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Testing Algorithm, -Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Relapsed with Previous Remission Testing Algorithm, -Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Guideline to Diagnosis and Follow-up, -Mast Cell Disorder: Diagnostic Algorithm, Bone Marrow, -Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage Testing Algorithm, Acute Leukemia -- Immunophenotyping, Flow Cytometry, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Immunophenotyping, Flow Cytometry, Flow Cytometry, Leukemia Immunophenotyping, Flow Cytometry, Lymphoma Immunophenotyping, Lymphoma Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry, GLL Panel - Leukemia Immunophenotyping (ALWAYS order LCMS), Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALWAYS order LCMS), KIR Panel - Leukemia Immunophenotyping (ALWAYS order LCMS), LGL Panel - Leukemia Immunophenotyping (ALWAYS order LCMS), NK Panel - Leukemia Immunophenotyping (ALWAYS order LCMS), B-cell ALL minimal residual disease (MRD) detection. It is also suggested to have prognostic significance [ 2]. Abnormal spacing of fully erupted tooth or teeth NOS; Displacement of fully erupted tooth or teeth NOS; Transposition of fully erupted . Depending upon flow cytometry immunophenotyping results, a healthcare practitioner may determine how likely your cancer will respond to treatment and how aggressive the treatment might be. Kanwar, V. et. The site is secure. You may have (or lack) certain antigens that are typically seen, yet you may still be diagnosed with a specific type of leukemia or lymphoma. This finding confirms the varied pathogenetic mechanisms leading to hemophagocytosis, and prompts further . Available online at https://www.lls.org/managing-your-cancer/lab-and-imaging-tests/blood-tests#Immunophenotyping. or negative if no abnormal population was detected. Based on these findings, we provide an objective marker based on clinical data for the definite diagnosis of ANKL. SI Abnormal Reports. In agreement with previous studies, no immunophenotypic features (other than monocytic differentiation) predicted the presence of an 11q23 rearrangement. Accessed December 2014. This test is appropriate for hematopoietic specimens only. Epub 2012 Sep 20. Information about the potential relationship between genetic abnormalities and immunophenotypic markers is currently limited to the association found between t(11;14 . Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This test is not appropriate for and cannot support diagnosis of sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, interstitial lung diseases, or differentiating between pulmonary tuberculosis and sarcoidosis (requests for CD4/CD8 ratios); specimens sent for these purposes will be rejected. We describe the clinicopathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic characteristics of 14 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) with t(14;19)(q32;q13). Classification of MDS patients according to the patterns of expression of multiple. By junio 4, 2022 masonry pilaster details junio 4, 2022 masonry pilaster details Usually, 1 to 1.5 mL of spinal fluid is sufficient. . For spinal fluid specimens: spinal fluid cell and differential counts are required. In this article, News-Medical talks to Sartorius about biosensing and bioprocessing in gene therapy, Jevremovic D, Olteanu H: Flow cytometry applications in the diagnosis of T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods: Morphologic evaluation, flow cytometry immunophenotypic studies . 8600 Rockville Pike The site is secure. These antigens are also used by the newer myeloma drugs to identify specific cancer cells. First, the CD45/linear side scatter gating of flow cytometry allows the initial identification of neoplastic subpopulations for additional immunophenotypic analysis in half of ANKL cases. Several studies have identified a relationship between AML prognosis and antigens such as CD7, CD9, CD11b, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD33, CD34, and CD56, though some other studies report conflicting results. Atypical cells don't necessarily mean you have cancer. Szary syndrome with multiple immunophenotypic aberrancies in tumor cells. An abnormal karyotype was detected in 232 cases (54%). Higher CD34 positivity was found in LymAg (+) group (77.2%) than in LymAg (-) group (48.0%). News-Medical. Most of the antigens that flow cytometry immunophenotyping detects are identified by a CD (clusters of differentiation or cluster designation) number. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). 3. CD38 expression is not detected (<10%) No evidence of p53 (17p13) 4. Lymphoid Neoplasms Laboratory Support of Diagnosis and Management Test Guide. Of 19 . (2012 February 17). The main advantages of IHC are the possibility to correlate antigen expression with cell morphology and tissue architecture and the ability to detect a relatively low number of neoplastic cells, such as in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) or T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphoma (TCRBCL). A cell count should be determined and submitted with the specimen. Mayo Clinic Staff (2010 November 24). Flowcytometric Immunophenotypic Characterization of Acute Myeloid The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This process is widely used to diagnose different types of lymphoma and leukemia by comparing normal cells and cancer cells. While some antigens are found only on one type of cell, others are found on different types. It may be because the markers of interest are not available for flow cytometryor because fresh cells or tissue are not available (a requirement for flow cytometry immunophenotyping). Accordingly, a score of 0.5, 1 or 2 was given when the value obtained for . 3. However, treatment with chemotherapy may eliminate the abnormal cells, and if treatment is successful, normal white blood cells (WBCs) will replace abnormal cells. -, Blood. An official website of the United States government. Leuk Lymphoma. Rahul E, Ningombam A, Acharya S, Tanwar P, Ranjan A, Chopra A. Siba El Hussein, Keyur P. Patel, Hong Fang, Beenu Thakral, Sanam Loghavi, Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna, Sergej Konoplev, Elias J. Jabbour, L. J. Jeffrey Medeiros, Joseph D. Khoury Furthermore, these findings can also be seen Incidence of peripheral lymphadenopathy, hepatic abnormalities, splenic abnormalities, and abdominal lymphadenopathy was not significantly different among immunophenotypic groups. They do not die at a normal rate, so they accumulate in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, or other tissues. http://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=341450, http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v20/n7/full/2404242a.html, http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/96/3/870?sso-checked=true. Leuk Lymphoma. -, Blood. Craig, F. and Foon, K. (2008 April 15). Maturation-associated immunophenotypic abnormalities in bone marrow B In: McClatchey KD, ed. CSF cytology was negative for malignant cells. An official website of the United States government. 1989 May;91(5):579-83. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/91.5.579. Although diagnosticcriteria are well established, a No immunophenotypicmyeloid abnormalitieswere detectedin the healthy donor bone marrow aspirates or in the 10 remission bone marrow aspirates from patients with a history of nonmyeloid neoplasia Table 3, As mentioned, the immunophenotypicpanels used evolved during the study, and not all antigens Available online through https://www.lls.org. The pivotal role of cytotoxic NK cells in mediating the therapeutic effect of anti-CD47 therapy in mycosis fungoides. Miao Y, Zhang J, Chen Q, Xing L, Qiu T, Zhu H, Wang L, Fan L, Xu W, Li J. If no abnormalities are detected by the initial panel, no further flow cytometric assessment will be performed unless otherwise indicated by specific features of the clinical presentation or prior laboratory results. [Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma--possible existence of a new clinical entity originating from the third lineage of lymphoid cells]. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Specific features were seen in five ANLL entities: M0 or M1/B lineage antigen positivity/t(9;22) or del(11)(q23); M2/CD13-/t(8;21); M4/CD13+, CD34+, CD36+/inv(16); M4 or M5/lack of B lineage antigen/del(11)(q23) or t(9;11). al. Immunophenotype is a key parameter that is very valuable in predicting response to treatment as well as survival rates. If no abnormalities are detected by the initial panel, no further flow cytometric assessment will be performed unless otherwise indicated by specific features of the clinical presentation or prior laboratory results. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158827. This category is to be used to record an episode of elevated blood pressure in a patient in whom no formal diagnosis of hypertension has been made, or as an isolated incidental finding. Leuk Res. An additional complicating factor is antigenic shift, 13 , 20 although the number of cases in which immunophenotypically aberrant blasts convert to an . Large granular lymphocytic leukemia: a brief review. Medeiros BC, Kohrt HE, Arber DA, Bangs CD, Cherry AM, Majeti R, Kogel KE, Azar CA, Patel S, Alizadeh AA. The volume of fluid necessary to phenotype the lymphocytes or blasts in spinal fluid depends upon the cell count in the specimen. 5. Immunophenotypic abnormalities of different B-NHL subtypes are overly heterogeneous; hence, including all markers in one screening tube with kappa and lambda is difficult. Application of these criteria to a series of nearly 500 cases of lymphoma indicated that over 90% of B-lineage and about 80% of T-lineage neoplasms manifested immunophenotypic abnormalities that could distinguish them from benign, reactive lymphoid processes. Accessed April 2011. Seiter, K. (2018 July 17, Updated). The triage panel is initially performed to evaluate for monotypic B cells by kappa and lambda light chain expression, increased numbers of blast cells by CD34 and CD45 expression along with side scatter gating, and increased plasma cells by CD45 expression and side scatter gating. https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Immunophenotyping.aspx. Lymphocyte counts do not usually correlate to changes in immune function or host resistance unless marked changes occur. This abnormal protein is known by several different names, including monoclonal immunoglobulin, monoclonal protein (M protein), M spike, or paraprotein. Antibodies are made up of chains of protein : 2 long (heavy) chains and 2 shorter (light) chains. It may be used in follow up to a complete blood count (CBC) and WBC differential that show an increased number of lymphocytes or the presence of immature blood cells or other abnormal cell counts. Flow cytometry immunophenotyping may also be used: There are some other uses of this testing that are less common, but they are not addressed in this article. no immunophenotypic abnormalities detected FREE COVID TEST lansing school district spring break 2021 Book Appointment Now. Cheriyedath, Susha. Learn more about how plasma cell neoplasms are diagnosed and treated in this expert-reviewed summary. How Is Childhood Leukemia Diagnosed? Sources: Serous effusions, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, abdominal (peritoneal) fluid. Smaller volumes can be used if there is a high cell count. 8600 Rockville Pike Epub 2009 Sep 24. Morphologic evaluation and flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis revealed no evidence of plasma cell neoplasm involving the BM. Interestingly, some of the other antigens present might suggest a specific genetic subtype of B-lymphoblastic leukemia, which also might have a certain prognosis. None of the tested antigens were linked to treatment outcome. Last, the positive rate of Ki-67 expression in ANKL cells was generally high. Accessed April 2011. (2018 October 17, Revised). PDF available for download at https://jama.ama-assn.org/content/301/4/452.full.pdf. MeSH Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Am J Blood Res. Comparing cases with immunophenotypic dissimilarities to those with cytogenetic differences, no distinct patterns of association were identified. francis gray poet england services@everythingwellnessdpc.com (470)-604-9800 ; ashley peterson obituary Facebook. If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send 1 of the following forms with the specimen: -Hematopathology/Cytogenetics Test Request (T726). Cytometry B Clin Cytom. Creutzig U, Harbott J, Sperling C, Ritter J, Zimmermann M, Lffler H, Riehm H, Schellong G, Ludwig WD. Am J Med Sci. Genomic and immunophenotypic landscape of aggressive NK-cell leukemia. In this example, abnormal CD34-positive blasts show uniform expression of CD56 and partial expression of CD7. The antigens on specific leukemia or lymphoma cells may remain the same over time. Am J Clin Pathol. The results from your immunophenotyping are compared to the pattern of antigens for normal cells as well as to patterns that are associated with abnormal cells (e.g., cells present with leukemias and lymphomas). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Blood. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Curr Treat Options Oncol. while also discussing the various products Sartorius produces in order to aid in this. Accessed April 2011. American Cancer Society. Maecker, H. et. Patients with full expression of panmyeloid phenotype expressed all five myeloid markers, had a higher complete remission rate, and were significantly different in overall and disease-free survival than those whose expressed <5 of the myeloid markers. Detection of Bcell populations with monotypic light chain expression 2016 Aug 2;11(8):e0158827. no immunophenotypic abnormalities detected - tecnogin.com The screening panel will be charged based on the number of markers tested (FIRST for first marker, ADD1 for each additional marker). A stable aberrant immunophenotype characterizes nearly all cases of 1985 Oct;66(4):848-58 Novel Biological Insights and New Developments in Management of Burkitt Lymphoma and High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma. al. eCollection 2022. A total of 192 Chinese patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. [On-line information]. What does 'no significant abnormalities' mean? Does it mean - Quora Wu, A. Application of immunophenotypic analysis in distinguishing chronic myelomonocytic leukemia from reactive monocytosis. Tissue flow cytometry immunophenotyping in the diagnosis and The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). These abnormal populations, detected only by flow cytometry, comprised 1 and 2% of total white blood cells and were discrete CD4-dim CD26-negative T-cell populations. This technique helps identify the lineage.